Where America’s water goes

Do power plants use more water than farms?

They withdraw more: 133 billion gallons a day in 2015, against 118 billion for crops and golf courses. Most of a power plant’s water cools it and goes back to the river, lake or sea it came from, warmer. Farms keep most of theirs. Crops and golf courses consumed about 73 billion gallons a day, some 17 times the 4.3 billion consumed by power plants. Switch the map from Withdrawn to Consumed to see the difference.

Why does Brooklyn draw no water for its people?

USGS counts a public water system’s withdrawals in the county where the water is taken, so New York City’s water is counted in the counties that hold its reservoirs, in the Catskill Mountains and the Croton watershed north of the city. On the USGS figures alone the five boroughs withdraw no water for public supply. The map pipes that water to the boroughs along the city’s aqueducts, and does the same for 19 other systems, among them Washington’s, Boston’s and Baltimore’s.

How much water do data centers use?

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory projects that U.S. data centers will consume about 38 to 73 billion gallons of water on site in 2028, in its low and high scenarios, about 105 to 200 million gallons a day. Generating their electricity would consume about 153 to 273 billion gallons more, at the 0.47 gallons per kilowatt-hour this site uses for power plants. Together that is about 525 to 945 million gallons a day. Crops, golf courses and power plants consumed about 77 billion gallons a day in 2015, some 80 to 150 times as much.

Is consumed water gone for good?

It is gone from the river or aquifer it was taken from. USGS counts water as consumed when it evaporates, is taken up by crops, goes into products or is otherwise removed from the local water system. Nearly all of it goes up as vapor and falls again as rain or snow, usually far away, so consumption matters most where water is scarce. Color the land by strain on rivers and streams, under Layers, to see where that is.

Why 2015?

It is the latest year for which USGS has estimated the water every county withdrew for every use. Since then USGS has published modeled estimates by small watershed and by month for the three biggest uses (public supply, irrigation and power plants). The map does not draw them yet.

Every moving streak of light is water. It leaves a river, a lake, an aquifer or the sea and travels to the place where it was used, in the color of that use: orange for power plants, green for crops, gold for public supply, and so on. The more water, the more light. Seen from the whole country, discs mark the 40 places that withdrew the most, each sized by its water and in the color of its use, with a white slice for the share consumed.

Zoom in and the channels the water runs through are drawn too, all on one scale, so ten times the water draws about four times as wide. Each starts in the color of its source and turns to the color of its use, and a chevron near the end of a wide channel points the way its water goes. A dot marks an intake on a river or lake, a ring marks a well, and a square marks where a utility, factory or fish farm gathers its water. At crops, golf courses and power plants a small pie, ringed in the color of the use, shows how much of the water was consumed (white) and how much went back (gray). A channel too short to see at the scale of the map is drawn at a minimum length. Point at a channel or a disc to read what it carries. With nothing selected, the panel beside the map sums up the counties in view and changes as you move.

Some cities’ water travels much farther. New York City’s comes from reservoirs in the Catskills, Washington’s from the Potomac above Great Falls, Boston’s from the Quabbin and Wachusett reservoirs, Houston’s from Lake Livingston on the Trinity River. That water is drawn along the system’s aqueducts and pipelines, from the county where it was withdrawn to the counties it serves. In the West the map draws two aqueducts’ water from their intakes as well: the Central Arizona Project’s, from Lake Havasu on the Colorado River to the towns and farms around Phoenix and the farms south of it, and the Los Angeles Aqueduct’s, from the Owens Valley.

Some of that water is consumed, which means it evaporates, goes into crops or products, or otherwise leaves the local water system. It rises as white mist. The rest goes back to rivers and aquifers after it is used, fading to gray. The U.S. Geological Survey estimated consumption only for crops, golf courses and power plants in 2015, so for the other uses the light stops where the water arrives.

Pick a use from the list over the map to see only its water, with the counties shaded by how much of it they withdrew per square mile and the places that withdrew the most labeled. Click a county, a power plant, a water treatment plant, a golf course, or a factory, mine or fish farm to see where its water comes from. Its channels are drawn in the color of each source (blue for rivers and lakes, pale green for groundwater, teal for the sea, violet for reclaimed wastewater, gold for water bought from a utility), as wide as the share of its water they carry, and each source is boxed with its share. Gray dashes are the water it returns to rivers. The panel beside the map gives the same shares as numbers, how strained the county’s rivers and streams are, and its water every five years since 1985. It also lists the county’s factories, mines, farms and sewage plants that hold an EPA discharge permit, the public water systems that serve the most people there, and how much of its land a satellite map shows was irrigated. Click a dam or a canal for its own figures and source, or a sewage plant for the outfalls it discharges through. Type a ZIP code in the search box to go to your county. Under Layers you can color the land by other measures, among them the strain on each county’s rivers and streams and how its withdrawals changed between 2005 and 2015. Underground shows the aquifers as solid bodies under a glass surface, with wells lifting water out of them, and the High Plains aquifer can show how far its water table has moved since about 1950.

Follow a drop, in the toolbar, lets you drop a drop of water anywhere on the map and watch where it goes. It runs to the nearest river the map draws and down it. Wherever the map takes water out of a river, the drop may be taken too, with the chance that the intakes there take water out: what they withdraw over the flow that reaches them. A drop that is taken goes to one of those uses, which uses it up or sends it back to a river by the shares in the map’s figures, and it carries on until it reaches the sea, a lake with no outlet or the border, or is used up. The panel keeps its journey and shows what became of a thousand drops dropped at the same spot. How the chances are worked out is under A drop’s chances, below.

Drag to move, scroll or pinch to zoom, and right-drag (or twist two fingers) to turn and tilt. With the map selected, the arrow keys move it, N switches between day and night, U goes underground, and Escape steps back.

The map makes small sounds as you use it. Picking a place lets a drop of water fall, deeper for a place that withdrew more, and picking a use pours a few drops. The Sound button turns them off, and your browser remembers the choice.

There is also a flat version of the map with the same county figures. It needs no 3D graphics, works with a keyboard and a screen reader (the arrow keys move from county to county and Enter opens one), and prints.

Water use

The U.S. Geological Survey’s estimate of withdrawals for every county in 2015 (Dieter and others, 2018, county data version 2.0), by use and by source (fresh or saline, surface or ground water). It is the source of every volume on the map and of the national total. USGS reports eight uses. The map shows nine because it splits irrigation into crops and golf courses, as USGS did in 36 states and the District of Columbia; in the other states golf is counted inside crop irrigation.

Consumption

Shown only for crops, golf courses and thermoelectric power, the uses for which USGS estimated consumption in 2015. For the other uses the map shows water arriving and stops there, which does not mean none of it was consumed.

Power plants

The 1,122 plants in the USGS model of thermoelectric water use for 2015 (Harris and Diehl, 2019, data version 1.2). Each county’s thermoelectric estimate is split among its plants in proportion to that model, and each plant’s own model estimate is shown beside it, with what its operator reported to the U.S. Energy Information Administration for 2015 where there is a report (EIA’s cooling water data, from Form EIA-923). USGS counts the water of Brunner Island and Peach Bottom, on the York County bank of the Susquehanna, in Lancaster County across the river, so the map splits Lancaster County’s estimate among them.

Aquifers and groundwater

Withdrawals by aquifer are from Lovelace and others (2020), estimated groundwater withdrawals from principal aquifers in 2015, county-level data (USGS). The outlines are the USGS map of principal aquifers, which shows the uppermost principal aquifer at each place, so deeper ones (such as the Floridan aquifer beneath Florida’s surficial aquifer) are hidden. Their outlines come from that map, but every body is drawn at the same depth and thickness, so the depths on the map mean nothing. About 14 billion gallons a day was pumped from glacial, alluvial and other aquifers the map does not outline. Depletion from 1900 to 2008 is from Konikow (2013), and the High Plains aquifer’s recoverable water in storage from McGuire (2017).

Data centers

For scale only, and not part of the 2015 totals. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory’s 2024 report projects that U.S. data centers will consume about 145 to 276 billion liters (38 to 73 billion gallons) of water on site in 2028, in its low and high scenarios, and use about 325 to 580 terawatt-hours of electricity. The on-site figures are the totals of the report’s Figure 5.9, whose hyperscale parts are the 60 and 124 billion liters its text gives. For 2023 it estimates 66 billion liters (17.4 billion gallons) and 176 terawatt-hours. The map counts the water for their electricity at 0.47 gallons per kilowatt-hour, the average consumed by thermoelectric power plants (NREL), which adds about 153 to 273 billion gallons a year in 2028. LBNL’s own estimate for their electricity in 2023, about 800 billion liters, also counts evaporation from hydroelectric reservoirs, which the USGS consumption figures on this map leave out. In the USGS figures the water data centers use on site is counted inside public supply and industry, and the water for their electricity inside power plants, so the map draws no separate flows for them. The locations are data centers mapped in OpenStreetMap, which misses many.

Rivers, lakes and canals

Rivers are HydroRIVERS version 1.0 (Lehner and Grill, 2013). Each reach is drawn by its modeled long-term average natural discharge for 1971 to 2000. Lakes and reservoirs are Natural Earth. Aqueducts and canals are mapped from OpenStreetMap, except where it maps them only in pieces or not at all: the Colorado River Aqueduct, the first Los Angeles Aqueduct, the Delta-Mendota Canal and the State Water Project’s East and West branches are drawn from the USGS National Hydrography Dataset. Where a canal has a flow, it comes from the operator’s or a government report, and clicking the canal shows what was measured (water pumped, diverted, delivered or supplied), for which year and from which report. Not every report covers 2015.

Dams and facilities

Dams are from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers’ National Inventory of Dams as of October 2026, sized by storage. It lists 92,693 dams, and the map can draw all of them except 164 without coordinates and one in Guam (turn on Every dam under Layers). Water towers, treatment plants, wastewater plants, golf courses and data centers are from OpenStreetMap (© OpenStreetMap contributors, ODbL), which is thorough in some places and patchy in others. Factories, mines, fish farms and livestock farms are the 9,071 that held an individual EPA discharge permit in October 2026, from EPA’s Enforcement and Compliance History Online. Each county’s water for industry, mining and fish farms ends at up to eight of its permitted facilities of that kind, the largest by the design flow on its permit first. USGS has no figure for any one facility, so a facility’s panel shows its county’s water for the use. Facilities on general permits, or that send their wastewater only to a city sewer, are not on the map, and a design flow is what a facility was built to discharge, which can be well above what it uses. Sewage plants are the 16,518 that held an individual EPA discharge permit in October 2026, from the same source, each with the outfalls it discharges through and the water they reach. OpenStreetMap’s wastewater plants within 750 meters of one of them are the same plant and are left out. USGS has no figure for the water that comes back through sewage plants, so a plant’s panel gives the design flow on its permit, what it was built to treat on an average day. The panels also give what a facility or plant discharged in 2015, the average of the monthly flows on the discharge monitoring reports it sent EPA: 2,971 of the facilities and 10,511 of the sewage plants reported one. For 185 of them the flow is far too large for the place, probably recorded in the wrong units, and the panel says so instead of giving it as measured.

Land and terrain

Land cover is the National Land Cover Database (MRLC): 2021 for the lower 48, 2016 for Alaska and 2001 for Hawaii and Puerto Rico. The city lights at night are painted from its developed land classes. Terrain is NOAA’s ETOPO 2022 at 15 arc-seconds, exaggerated vertically: 24 times for the whole country and about 2 times up close. Irrigated land in the lower 48 is LANID’s map for 2015, made from Landsat images at 30 meters (Xie, Gibbs and Lark, 2021). The map tints that land greener, and each county’s crop water ends on its irrigated fields. In Alaska, Hawaii and Puerto Rico each county’s irrigated acreage is spread over its flat cropland instead. Closer in, the irrigated fields are LANID’s own, sampled at about 65 meters, so a center pivot shows as a disc about a dozen samples across. Each of those fields is colored by what the USDA’s Cropland Data Layer says grew there in 2015, and a county’s panel gives the shares of its irrigated land by crop. Fields that were not irrigated, city blocks and the texture finer than 65 meters are painted patterns placed by the land cover.

Public water systems

The USGS map of public-supply water service areas (Buchwald and others, 2022): the areas served by 18,806 community water systems that ran their own intakes or wells between 2010 and 2020, in the lower 48, with the population each serves. A county’s panel lists the systems serving the most people there, judging how much of each system lies in the county by how built up its land is, and clicking a system’s name outlines the area it serves. A wholesaler’s area includes the towns it sells water to, so the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California serves 11.4 million people. In the lower 48 a county’s public supply ends in these areas, where its systems serve at least 2,000 people, and in its built-up land elsewhere.

Water moved between counties

USGS counts a county’s public-supply withdrawals where the water is withdrawn and the people it serves where they live, so on the county figures alone New York City’s boroughs withdraw nothing and the counties holding its reservoirs withdraw a billion gallons a day. For 20 systems that withdraw in one county and deliver in others, among them New York City’s, Washington’s, Boston’s, Baltimore’s, Houston’s, Detroit’s and Tampa Bay Water, the map moves that water to the counties it serves. The volumes are the USGS withdrawals. Where an operator, or USGS for Florida, publishes deliveries by county, the water is divided that way; otherwise each receiving county gets its estimated public-supply use less what it withdraws itself, estimating use as its domestic deliveries times its state’s ratio of public-supply withdrawals to domestic deliveries (both USGS). Clicking a county gives the system, its operator and the source of each figure. Smaller systems that cross county lines stay where USGS put them. The routes follow the aqueducts where OpenStreetMap maps them and otherwise run straight between each system’s main reservoirs, plants and pumping stations.

Imported water in the West

In California and Arizona, USGS counts water brought in through the Colorado River Aqueduct, the State Water Project, the Los Angeles Aqueduct and the Central Arizona Project mostly as surface water withdrawn by the county that receives it. Where a mapped canal or aqueduct runs through a county, the map draws that county’s surface water for farms, towns and industry from it, though farms draw none from the aqueducts built to carry water to cities, such as the Colorado River and Los Angeles aqueducts. For two of these four systems the map knows how much reached each county, and it draws that water from the system’s intake instead. The Los Angeles Aqueduct supplied 57,716 acre-feet to Los Angeles in fiscal 2014–15 (LADWP). The Central Arizona Project’s report for 2015 lists what each customer received, and the map sums its deliveries to the water providers and to the farms and irrigation districts of Maricopa, Pinal and Pima counties, 857,128 of the 1,449,209 acre-feet it delivered. It leaves out water stored underground at recharge sites, which is pumped back up later as groundwater, and deliveries whose county or use the report leaves unclear. In 40 California counties, including Imperial, the USGS figures divide irrigation between groundwater and surface water in the same proportion, about 70 percent groundwater. The map draws them as given. In Imperial County that puts most of the farms’ water in wells, though Reclamation counted 2.46 million acre-feet of Colorado River water diverted for the Imperial Irrigation District in 2015, more than all the irrigation water USGS estimated for the county (2.07 million acre-feet).

Strain on rivers and streams

USGS’s surface water supply and use index, from its National Water Availability Assessment (Stets and others, 2025; data from Miller and others, 2024), for every small watershed (HUC12) and month of water years 2010 to 2020. It is the share of a watershed’s median streamflow for that month that was not available, because the month was dry or because crops, power plants and public water systems consumed it, from 0 to 1. The map averages it over the 132 months and over the watersheds in each county, each weighted by the area it covers there, on the October 2020 watershed boundaries the assessment used. USGS calls watersheds above 0.6 on average chronically imbalanced. It notes that the index leaves out water moved between basins and probably understates the strain in the West, where drought persisted through the period.

Water levels in the High Plains aquifer

The USGS map of the change in water level from about 1950, before heavy pumping began, to 2015 (McGuire, 2017), a grid of 500-meter cells drawn from 3,092 wells measured in both periods and from other published information where wells were few. The map resamples the grid to its own, and the areas the panel quotes are counted on the USGS grid.

Water every five years since 1985

The USGS county estimates for 1985, 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005 and 2010, matched to the 2015 counties by their codes, beside the 2015 figures the map draws. USGS changed what it counted over those years. Before 2000 the totals include self-supplied commercial water, which it then stopped estimating, and the 2000 county file’s own total leaves out part of the water it lists, so the map adds up the uses instead. Counties USGS renamed or merged are carried to their 2015 codes, and a few redrawn Alaska boroughs have no history. The county files differ slightly from the national totals in the chart above, which USGS revised later.

ZIP codes

The Census Bureau’s 2020 ZIP code tabulation areas, which approximate ZIP codes, each matched to the county that holds most of its land (the 2020 ZCTA-to-county relationship file). The lookup runs in your browser and sends nothing anywhere.

A drop’s chances

Follow a drop puts each surface intake the map draws on the HydroRIVERS reach it takes water from: a county’s on its largest rivers, or, for its places of use more than 30 km from those, on the biggest river within 30 km of each; a county’s lake water on the lake, for its places of use within 10 km of the shore; a power plant’s at its intake; a city system’s at its reservoirs. Where a county’s water reaches its users by canal, its intakes go on the county’s own rivers, since the map does not know where each canal begins. Five big diversions are counted in counties far from the river they come out of, so the map takes them out of the river itself, at the volume their operators measured for 2015: the Central Arizona Project and the Colorado River Aqueduct at Lake Havasu, the All-American Canal at Imperial Dam, and, in the Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta, the State Water Project at the 837,421 acre-feet it pumped at Banks Pumping Plant and the Delta-Mendota Canal. The counties their water goes to lose the same amount from their own intakes. The drop follows the canals to the counties the map routes the Central Arizona Project’s water to; to the six counties the Metropolitan Water District serves, in proportion to the public supply from rivers and lakes USGS counts in each; to the Imperial and Coachella valleys in Reclamation’s split; to the State Water Project’s contractors south of the Delta, in proportion to their contract amounts, since each was allocated the same 20 percent of its amount in 2015; and to the districts and wildlife refuges the Delta-Mendota Canal delivered to in 2015, by Reclamation’s records, leaving out 8,602 acre-feet that went to five small districts and an intertie with the California Aqueduct.

A drop that reaches an intake is taken with the chance that the intakes there take water out of the river: what they withdraw over the river’s natural flow, less what the uses upstream consumed or piped away. A lake mixes the water that runs through it, so a drop entering a lake is taken with the chance that everything drawn from the lake takes the water flowing out of it. A drop that is taken goes to one of the intakes in proportion to what each withdrew, and is then used up with the share its use consumes: for crops and golf courses, what USGS estimated the county consumed in 2015; for a power plant, the USGS plant model’s figure; for public supply, 12 percent, USGS’s national figure for water years 2010 to 2020 (Medalie and others, 2025), which runs from 8 percent in the Gulf Coast, Atlantic Coast and Great Lakes regions to 23 percent in the Southwest Desert region; and for industry, 10 percent, the median of the published coefficients USGS gathered (Shaffer and Runkle, 2007). USGS has estimated no share for livestock, fish farms, mines or homes with their own supply since 1995, so the map sends their water back. It has no share for the wildlife refuges the Delta-Mendota Canal supplies either, so their water goes back too. Water that is not used up goes back to a river near where it was taken, through a utility’s wastewater plant, a power plant’s outfall or the county’s own rivers; a canal’s water goes back near the fields or towns it reached, which for the Imperial Valley means the Salton Sea. The odds in the panel are a thousand drops run the same way from the same spot.

The natural flow is the one HydroRIVERS gives for every reach. In heavily used rivers it leaves more water in the river than there is, because the map does not count evaporation from reservoirs, water taken outside the United States or the many canals whose water it does not trace. So in the dry West drops get further down rivers than their water does, and the panel says so when a drop’s rivers are that heavily used. The map follows a drop only from the river: it has no figures for what becomes of rain before it reaches one.

Where the flows start and end

Inside a county the map places surface intakes on its largest rivers or lakeshores, or on its canals where it has mapped ones, wells beneath the land they serve, irrigation on the fields LANID shows were irrigated in 2015 (on cropland where it shows less than a square kilometer), golf on mapped golf courses, industry, mining and fish farms at the county’s largest permitted facilities of each kind where it has them, utilities through a mapped treatment plant into the areas their water systems serve, and power plants at their reported coordinates. Water for fields runs from each intake to a canal head and branches out from there, and water returned from fields gathers on its way back to the nearest river. The volumes and the shares by source are the estimates. The paths are drawn to show them.

Sources: USGS county water use, 2015 · Dieter and others (2018) · Harris and Diehl (2019) · EIA cooling water data, 2015 · Lovelace and others (2020) · Konikow (2013) · McGuire (2017) · LBNL (2024) · NREL (2003) · HydroRIVERS · National Inventory of Dams · NLCD · Xie, Gibbs and Lark (2021), LANID · USDA NASS, Cropland Data Layer 2015 ·EPA ECHO data downloads · EPA ECHO, discharge monitoring reports · Buchwald and others (2022), water service areas · ETOPO 2022 · OpenStreetMap · Reclamation, Colorado River 2015 · Central Arizona Project, deliveries 2015 · LADWP, water supply · Natural Earth · Stets and others (2025) · Miller and others (2024) · McGuire (2017), water-level change data · USGS county water use, 1985–2010 · Census ZCTA relationship files · Medalie and others (2025) · Shaffer and Runkle (2007) · Metropolitan Water District, district at a glance · DWR Bulletin 132-16 · Reclamation, Central Valley Operations 2015, tables 21, 24 and 25 · DWR, Notice to Contractors 24-08

If you think I’m getting something wrong, email me.

Every correction to the map’s figures or wording since it went up on October 25, 2026, newest first. If you find an error, email me. The rules of my error bounty are on the errors and updates page.

October 27, 2026

Public supply now ends in the areas a county’s water systems serve, from the USGS map of service areas, in place of its built-up land. That moves the water works some counties’ utilities draw through, which changes a few of the odds Follow a drop gives by a point or two. Up close, the irrigated fields are now LANID’s own at about 65 meters, where the map had painted pivots and furrows over the land LANID showed was irrigated.

Crop water now ends on the fields a satellite map (LANID) shows were irrigated in 2015, in place of the county’s acreage spread over its cropland, and the map tints that land. Industry’s, mining’s and fish farms’ water now ends at each county’s factories, mines and fish farms with an EPA discharge permit, where it has them. Where the map draws water from a river follows the new places, which changes some of the odds Follow a drop gives.

October 26, 2026

The data centers shown for comparison are now Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory’s projection for 2028, about 38 to 73 billion gallons consumed on site in its low and high scenarios, in place of its estimate for 2023 (17.4 billion gallons).

The Washington Aqueduct’s water for Arlington is the county’s purchases in 2013, the latest year the cited study gives; the panel had implied 2015. The panels now say how Fairfax Water’s deliveries to each county were put together, and no longer give lengths for the Lake Gaston, Atoka and Florida Keys pipelines, which their cited sources do not state.

The map now draws the Los Angeles Aqueduct’s water for Los Angeles from its intake on the Owens River, and the Central Arizona Project’s 2015 deliveries to Maricopa, Pinal and Pima counties from Lake Havasu. Those counties’ shares by source list that water apart from their own rivers and lakes.

The labels and discs for the places that withdrew the most had counted reclaimed wastewater as water withdrawn. They now count withdrawals only.

Labels and county summaries had said that crops in some California counties drew most of their water from wells. In 40 California counties USGS divides irrigation between groundwater and surface water in one statewide proportion, so the map no longer says which source those counties’ crops drew on most.

Corrected the names of several power plants’ water sources as the USGS plant model gives them, among them Lake Keowee, the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal and the Intracoastal Waterway.

October 25, 2026

Dropped two systems the map had drawn piping water between counties without a source for how much they move or where: Cobb County’s water from Lake Allatoona and the Raritan basin system in New Jersey. Their water is back in the counties where USGS counts it.

Removed or corrected wording the cited sources did not support: the year of a Baltimore figure, Oklahoma City’s pipeline capacity, an unsourced estimate for Houston, the Tampa Bay and Peace River figures, and notes on Puerto Rico, Minneapolis and Tulsa. Virginia’s ratio of public-supply withdrawals to home deliveries now counts the Washington Aqueduct’s water for Arlington and Falls Church.

The national chart covers 65 years, from 1950 to 2015. Its title said 70, and it now notes that its early years leave out Hawaii in 1955.

Lancaster County, Pennsylvania’s 2.5 billion gallons a day of power-plant water had been credited to its waste-to-energy plant. USGS counts it for Peach Bottom and Brunner Island, which stand across the Susquehanna in York County, and the map now credits it to them.

The All-American Canal’s figure is labeled as the share diverted for the Imperial and Coachella valleys. Data centers’ electricity water uses 0.47 gallons per kilowatt-hour, matching How thirsty is AI?. The opening no longer implies the map shows consumption for every use.